Teacher Pupil Education - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2551 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Education Essay Type Review Level High school Did you like this example? Review of literature This literature review looks at how teachers develop pupils through physical education using quality standards and which teaching styles are required? This review of literature will look at how the quality standards of teaching and support within PE can help pupils develop their talents. Teachers are required to develop pupils through using the quality standards of teaching as recommended by the government. Talent development within schools has been looked at in greater detail by the department of education and skills (DFES) in (2001) and (2002) and the Office for Standards in Education (OFSTED) (2003). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Teacher Pupil Education" essay for you Create order The provision of schemes such as the PESSCL strategy and enrichment schemes can see if these help pupils develop within schools. The different types of teacher styles can also be an important factor to each individuals talent development. What is talent? Talent matters describes talented pupils who demonstrate high-level ability within a range of PE contexts, or have the potential to do so. www.talentmatters.org (Gagne 2000, p. 67) believes talent is, the superior mastery of systematically developed abilities (called competencies or talent) and knowledge in at least one field of human activity to a degree that places a childs achievement within at least the upper 10% of age peers who are actively in that field or fields Trackle et Cushion (2006, p. 267). Freeman (1998) goes on to mention that in defining Gifted and Talented pupils as those who either demonstrate exceptionally high level performanceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ or those whose potential for excellence has not yet been recognized Bailey et al, (2004 pp134). Every school has talented pupils these pupils once identified, require high quality teaching and support to help them fully realize their talents www.talentmatters.org. Within schools, teachers are the people resp onsible for developing talented pupils of which whom demonstrate high level ability within physical education. High quality talent development is characterized by identification and selection, teaching and supporting, professional development and policy www.talentmatters.org. This was considered an interest by the government as they believed that children that had great ability within physical education could be developed into sports players that may well compete at the highest level. The Department for Education and Skills (DFES, 2001) mentioned that the identification and development of children in schools is the foundation for future elite performance and international success (DCMS, 2000; Kirk Gorely, 2000). Bailey, Tan, Morley, (2004) also believe that the governments huge emphasis on the identification and development of talented pupils within schools will improve a pupils performance as well as giving them the best opportunity to perhaps progress through to the el ite level after their school education is complete. Office for Standards in Education, 2001 (OfSTED 2001) mentions that achievement criterion within schools should not just work with high ability children who are achieving through physical performance but those pupils who have the potential and make every effort to achieve. Freeman et al., (1998 pp137), mentions they should take a broader perspective, encompassing the potential to excel. Talent matters also mentioned that schools should recognize pupils who are currently achieving, underachieving or have the potential to achieve a high level ability. The problem also found here with talented pupils or pupils that may have the potential to excel is that the school can only identify a limited number of pupils who have talent. Bailey et al (2004). Bailey et al (2004), mentions that the flexible provision for gifted and talented pupils is limited to one third per year group which gives less opportunity for all pupils to deve lop. This is probably due to teachers not having the time to help every child progress and develop which affects pupils that have potential but wont be identified purely because of the time for identification to be observed. (Office for Standards in Education, 2001) can only identify approximately the same proportion of gifted and talented pupils each time within each year group although there could be a year group with more gifted children that cannot be identified by schools due to the proportion. Bailey et al (2004). This is why the government has tried to set a framework on the provision of school-based mainstream curricular identification and provision strategies which should develop talented pupils. Fisher, (1996); Beashel, (2002), found it unfortunate that evidence is showing a proportion of pupils excluded from activities, because not being given the opportunity or support to develop their selves which is why these new strategies and schemes should be put in place within schools to prevent any talented pupils being excluded. Government plans for provision of school-based mainstream curricular identification and provision strategies are put in place within schools so it can help teachers identify this talent and develop them to the elite level as mentioned by Kirk et al, (2000). Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA) mention that schools systems and teachers need to consider the best way of identifying talent, which could be through assessing a pupils ability which can help keep tracks of their progress www.qca.org.uk. The quality standards is a measure of high quality practice in the identification, selection, teaching and support of talented pupils, as well as the professional development of teachers involved and associated school policy. A model was produced by the talent matters which showed abilities that were needed, to develop talent and how quality standards of identification and teacher support could produce t he best outcomes for pupils within physical education. Looking at appendix 1 shows the model of talent development, and if quality standards are met then it would help produce, Lifelong physical activity Rewarding PE experiences Elite sport performance Sport leadership www.talentmatters.org Research has shown that PE and school sport focuses its time on regular and frequent practice, therefore the activity should motivate everyone within the group to take part which will help top level performers progress quicker. www.qca.org.uk When talent has been identified it is important to give the pupils with talent the best support and high quality of teaching to fully develop their talents. www.talentmatters.org. High quality talent development is needed to be taken seriously as it can enhance an individuals learning, and achieve the outcomes bulleted above, but this can only be helped if the support and guidance is there from their teachers. It was found that pupils who are highly motivated to achieve and have excellent knowledge of activities but not the most skilful within performance, do gradually develop if the teacher has an open approach and gives the same support through a positive impact on the learning of all pupils as mentioned by www.talentmatters.org. Although it was found by (Hellison Templin, 1991; Bailey, 2002) that some pupils with great knowledge and understanding of PE were excluded as their talent doesnt shine through physical performance, which is not recognized by some teachers as talent (Hellison Templin, 1991; Bailey, 2002). This shows why there arent enough talented pupils as opportunity isnt available to all. Gifted and talented pupils need to be acknowledged for the different abilities they have and that specific development programmes should exist to suit their educational needs. Bailey et al (2006). (Doll-Tepper Scoretz, 2001), mention, Physical education can contribute to a wide range of recreational and career outcomes, and among the most important of these, we suggest, is lifelong physical activity Bailey et al (2006, p.215). The government invented the schemes below which offer the range of quality teaching, coaching and learning for talented pupils in order to raise the ir attainment, aspirations, motivation and self-esteem. High quality teaching and support involves positive working relationships between relevant internal and external groups www.talentmatters.org. PESSCL strategy EIC scheme Enrichment schemes A programme called Physical Education School Sport Club links (PESSCL) strategy was introduced to include all children in more sporting activities within school and out of school activities. This scheme was supported by  £459 million by the central government and was set up to ensure all pupils have the opportunity to participate in physical activity in and outside of school www.llrsport.co.uk. The main aim of the governments PESSCL strategy, enhance the take-up of sporting opportunities by five-to-sixteen-year-olds by increasing the percentage of school children who spend a minimum of two hours each week on high quality PE and school sport within and beyond the curriculum from 25% in 2002 to 75% in 2006 and 85% by 2008 www.llrsport.co.uk. PESSCL has seen a higher percentage of children are getting involved with PE and sport as better support and opportunity is available, and more talented pupils able to develop through high quality PE and sport at school. A 20 04/2005 school sports survey across most of England has shown that pupils have been spending at least two hours of time within high quality physical education lessons. This survey also mentions, the number of pupils identified as gifted and talented and receiving extra coaching in PE and sport has more than doubled to 106,100 from 44,400 last yearwww.llrsport.co.uk. The school sport survey showed the amount of children taking part in two hours of high quality PE was achieved a year early, which the new aim of the government is for each child to have access to five hours a week by 2012 www.youthsporttrust.org. This will have a great affect on children and should hopefully help teachers develop talented pupils through high quality teaching as there are extra hours of activity to look at more pupils. Montgomery, (2002), also found that sports based programmes often ignored pupils who are potentially talented, and are underachieving as a lack of opportunity and support isn t given which is why this extra curriculum sport will help develop talented pupils. The Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA) mention that supporting talented pupils by giving opportunities can help develop their ability. The QCA mention that pupils should have the opportunity to practice, and their performance should be in context which considers their age, ability and size. www.qca.org.uk. Schools were found to have an inadequacy of existing educational procedures and provisions in which the UK government made sure that the schools were identifying and developing gifted and talented pupils as part of an Excellence in Cities (EiC) scheme (DFEE, 2000). Bailey et al, (2004). the excellence in Cities Scheme (EIC) this was introduced in march 1999 and had a strategy to raise education standards promoting education and partnership and disseminating good practice to the wide education community. Bailey et al (2004). The EIC scheme works closely with DFES and want to d evelop the quality of PE and sport Provision to ensure that pupils get the best opportunity to develop. Through the use of inclusion the government mentions that the needs of very able pupils are truly inclusive and can cater for the abilities within the whole group Bailey et al (2004 p. 135). Another way in which development of talented children can be helped is through enrichment programmes. This is common to provision and includes out of school opportunities. Enrichment can develop a childs knowledge within a subject area, and in different environments and situations. There is also opportunity for the talented pupils to be worked with by sports coaches in after school clubs Bailey et al (2006). The Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA) mention the enrichment process and how knowledge can help a child develop within an activity at their pace of learning providing there is good support by a teacher. Broadening the range of pupils knowledge and experience by pr oviding different types of activity from within the same area of activity. For example, in gymnastic activities, talented pupils could use apparatus for rhythmic gymnastics rather than traditional apparatus; pupils learning basketball and netball could be given opportunities to use their knowledge and skills in handballwww.qca.org.uk. These activities require the teacher to use certain teacher styles to develop each pupil towards working at tasks at their own ability level. This is supported by Bailey et al (2006), who mentions that if teachers identify the right skills by supporting children through activities and having a focus on specific abilities so that each individual student gets assessed at their own level Bailey et al (2006 p.217). Teachers can support and develop each pupils ability through using appropriate teaching styles which is suitable to the lesson being taught. This enables each child to get the best learning and quality of teaching which is linked with Mosstons theory of teaching styles. Mosstons theory is how different teachers use their own personal preference to installing learning towards their pupils. Mosstons theory was originated in 1966 and was a detailed analysis of teaching styles and behaviours amongst teachers and student interactions www.sports-media.org. The spectrum established a framework of possible options in the relationship between teacher and learner (Mosston Ashworth, 1986) and was based on the central importance of decision making www.sports-media.org. The spectrum teaching styles was broken down into three areas; Pre impact, which teachers would need to consider preparation, learning objectives, organization and presentation before the practice commenced. Impact, which teachers would have to make decisions relating to the performance and execution of the activity. Post impact, which includes evaluation of performance and feedback to learner from teacher www.sports-media.org. The spectrum has ten styles of teaching where a teacher may be completely direct towards a lesson or where he/she can allow the student to have a role where more responsibility is needed to make decisions with the teacher just overlooking the lesson to make sure it is safe and to provide any feedback www.sports-media.org. The ten teaching styles are; Command- teacher makes all decisions Practice- students carry out teacher-prescribed tasks Reciprocal- students work in pairs; one performs, the other provides feedback. Self check- students assess their own performance against criteria Inclusion- teacher planned. Student monitor own work Guided discovery students solve teacher set movement problems. Divergent- students solve problems without assistance from the teacher. Individual- teacher determines content. Student plans the programme. Learner initiated- student plans own programme. Teacher is advisor. Self teaching- student takes full responsibility for the learning process. www.sports-media.org Teachers are responsible for identifying the talented children and using the best programme to suit their needs of learning and developing their abilities. Eyre, (1997) clarifies this as, a two-stage process in which talented students are recognized by teachers, after a programme of teaching or support is initiated Bailey et al (2006, p.216), in which these different types of teaching styles can help a child develop depending on what ability they are currently at. This is known as structured learning, which is either informal (that is, self-taught) or formal learning (such as taught within schools by a practitioner). Bailey et al (2006). Without any type of structured learning children will not benefit from an activities or have the opportunity to improve their ability. The more talented or higher ability pupil may require a programme to suit their own development where individual practice and provision to guidance of learning may be quicker f or them to develop. Conceptually, practice could be subsumed under the provision label, as it relates to informal or formal learning, but its vital importance for the development of talent is such that we suggest it warrants discrete consideration Bailey et al (2006 p.216). These all offer different options for a teacher to use depending on what accommodates the childrens needs and best ways of them developing through learning. It could also depend on which lesson was being taught as to which style of teaching would need to be used.

New Hedonism in The Picture of Dorian Gray A Lifestyle...

In the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde the eponymous character Dorian follows the lifestyle of New Hedonism. This lifestyle advocates a complete abandon to your impulses, and does not believe in following social dictates or morals. The book illustrates the long-term effects of new hedonism, showing the destruction and death Dorian creates due to following this creed, eventually leading him to complete madness and his own destruction. When Dorian Gray first meets Lord Henry at the studio of artist Basil Hallward, he is fascinated with Lord Henry’s wit and the radical social doctrines that he advocates. Dorian is easily molded and falls for the argument he hears. According to Lord Henry the goal of new hedonism, â€Å"to realize†¦show more content†¦After receiving this advice Dorian soon becomes distraught over the fact that he will get older. He sees the portrait Basil Hallward has painted of him and prophetically wishes, â€Å"How sad it is! I shall grow old, and horrid, and dreadful. But this picture will remain always young†¦If only it was the other way! If it was I who were to be always young, and the picture that were to grow old! For this—for this—I would give everything! Yes, there is nothing in the whole world I would not give!† (205). When Dorian realizes the transient nature of life he decides to embrace new hedonism to the fullest, giving in to every impulse. Dorian begins exploring new experiences and avenues of entertainment. In doing so he discovers Sibyl Vane who is the lead actress in a disreputable theater. Dorian is captivated by both her physical beauty and the beauty present in her acting. He appears night after night to watch her performances. He finally approaches her backstage after a play, and after a very short and superficial acquaintance, decides to marry her. This decision shows that Dorian has truly decided to embrace new hedonism, as do his subsequent decisions in regards to her. He informs Lord Henry and Basil of his engagement and takes them to the theater to see her perform, wanting his friends to be as captivated by her as he has been. He is appalled and embarrassed when Sibyl’s

Trend in Entrepreneurship and Marketing

Question: Analys the entrepreneur traits and characteristics, recent trends in social entrepreneurship? Answer: Introduction Entrepreneurship refers to the willingness and ability to develop, organise and manage a business venture by being responsible for facing any risks and keeping it profitable (Aulet, 2013). Starting up a new business is an excellent example of Entrepreneurship however entrepreneurs are also found in already established organisations. Marketing refers to the set of activities that help creating a mutually beneficial relationship between sellers and consumers (Baines, et al., 2013). It can also be defined as a process that helps moving products and services from concept to consumer (Ferrell Hartline, 2012). Risk tasking, proactiveness and innovation are the three key dimensions of a entrepreneurial organisation while marketing orientation makes a firm concerned about the investments they have made on marketing activities and their human resource (Blythe, 2013). This report aims at analysing the significance of characteristics and traits approach in defining an entrepreneur and studying recent trends in social entrepreneurship. Analysis of Entrepreneur Traits and Characteristics Entrepreneurs are individuals who are not expected to find perfect combinations of competencies which can help achieving success; rather they are expected to find ways of creating competencies that can further help creating opportunities (Juana-Espinosa Susana, 2011). Entrepreneurs fit individual characteristics and competencies to facilitate innovation. There are three approaches that can help defining an entrepreneur namely; characteristics and traits approach, behavioural approach and a mixed approach. Characteristics and traits approach help defining an entrepreneur by studying their distinguishing basic characteristics or traits (Kumar, 2008). This approach at times is considered as a static and one-dimensional approach. Some of basic characteristics or traits of an entrepreneur are; Entrepreneurs strive for success and achievement which serves as a motivation for them for overcoming various obstacles. They aim at high goals and give their best to achieve those goals (Iversen, et al., 2008). As depicted in the case Dr. Sam Prince appears to be a goal oriented person, he had defined high goals and strives for success and achievements Entrepreneurs are risk takers they have the abilities to understand and manage risks (Burns, 2012). Prince was a risk taker he had the ability to indentify gaps in the market and take initiative to fill those gaps though he was aware they involved high risk. For example Prince wanted to take initiatives for improvement of Aboriginal health which is considered a very complex medical situation. Entrepreneurs are opportunity explorers, independent, ready to face uncertainty, ready for feedback. Perseverance, flexibility, high confidence and radiant energy are features that define them (Kumar, 2008). Prince has displayed all these characteristics since the time he started his restaurant chain Zambrero Fresh Max Grill at the age of 21. Entrepreneurs can be defined as excellent planners, motivators, stress takers, initiative and responsive, quick learners who live for innovation. They greatly value integrity and reliability and are recognised for their unique creativity (Kumar, 2008). Price in through all his activities whether it be in profitable ventures or aid organisations have displayed these characters. Steve Jobs of Apple Computers is an excellent example of an entrepreneur who through his unique characters has redefined the limits if growth an organisation can achieve. Recent Trends in Social Entrepreneurship Social Entrepreneurship is a technique that implies proven business practices to find adequate solutions for social issues (Praszkier Nowak, 2011). They aim at identifying and solving social problems on a very large scale with a global perspective. As business entrepreneurs are recognised for bringing much needed changes and transforming the whole industry social entrepreneurs are seen as a change agent for society. They possess the potential to identify opportunities missed by others that help improving systems, they can create and disseminate new approaches and develop sustainable solutions that help creating social value (Bornstein Davis, 2010). In case of Zambrero case study Dr. Sam Price displays the characteristics of a social entrepreneur wherein he is not only concerned about making profit from his restaurant Zambrero but is equally concerned by giving the society back. His initiates like plate for plate and One Disease at a Time are some of the examples of the initiates Prince takes to serve the society. Price does the work of 100 men and helps improving 1000 lives though his innovative business, medical and aid projects. Social Entrepreneurs plays a significant role in leading change within organisations (Gunn Durkin, 2010). They understand the value of giving back to the society. They know that in order to make a real impact on the society the change must come from within the organisations. Prince being a social entrepreneur knew that in order to make aid organisations successful they must be run with the same rigour as one runs a business. This movement is really important and effective as giving back is the only means by which real social issues could be solved (Kumar, 2008). Without being a part of it and feeling the pain no one can understand what underpriliged people face each day in their lives. As depicted in the case study the Prince saw the same look in eyes of people he helped to that of his patients present in emergency departments in hospitals. Current trend 1: Commerce Commerce today is gaining popularity worldwide as an effective means of combating poverty (Dutiee, 2014). Consumerism is being used by numerous social start-ups to raise funds, create fair job opportunities and improve the lives of poor and underprivileged people. High emphasize is given to developing ethical organisations with transparent and ethical supply chains, fair wages, organic, mindful manufacturing and recyclable material. This trend illustrates social entrepreneurship as it uses innovation to improve lives and solve problems of the society. For example, companies like Zappos, Roozt, Blissmobox etc are some of the major players of the ethical marketplace which is supported by commerce. This new trend has been very effective and is attracting numerous social entrepreneurs who are aggressively replying on commerce to create a sustainable social impact. Current trend 2: Crowdfunding Social entrepreneurs are increasing preferring crowdfunding as a means of generating funds for their start-ups(Bornstein Davis, 2010). Kickstarter and Indiegogo are some crowdfunding sites that have done really well in their endeavours to help social entrepreneurs arrange funds. This new trend enables social enterprises to remain ethical and work with enough flexibility. This trend is highly effective as it provide social enterprises an opportunity to perform work in their ways. Thus, biggest advantage of using crowdfunding is gaining access to unrestricted funds. Current trend 3: Visual Marketing Marketing is at the heart of all businesses and is essential for achieving desired goals. Visual marketing has recently witnessed high engagement owing to advancement in mobile devices which are equipped with high-tech cameras and apps that facilitate uploading image on the go (Dutiee, 2014). Due to a rise in demand for visual content popular social networking sites like Twitter, LinkedIn and Facebook have offered greatly advanced features that support images. Social enterprises make use of this rise in demand for visual content to raise funds that is then used for charity purpose. Applications like Instagram, Youtube and Vine are being used by social entrepreneurs and ethical organisation to show people the way they are making a difference. This act performed by organisations greatly helps influencing consuming buying behaviour and thus has proven to an effective new trend that illustrates social entrepreneurship. Conclusion Social entrepreneurs are focusing on solving worlds problems by doing things differently and satisfying their appetite for experimentation. They are offering a helping hand to shape the society in a way that it actually becomes a beautiful place to live. With new current trends happening in the world of social entrepreneurs they are feeling highly motivated to serve the society while achieving growth. Social entrepreneurs display similar characteristics or traits as those displayed by business entrepreneurs however their intuition to give back to the society make them real heroes. Individuals like Dr Sam Prince act as role model for those who have an appetite for experimentation and innovation but are restraining themselves as they are not aware of their true capabilities. References Aulet, B., (2013) Disciplined Entrepreneurship: 24 Steps to a Successful Startup. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Baines, P., Fill, C. Page, K., (2013) Essentials of Marketing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Blythe, J., (2013) Principles and Practice of Marketing. London: Sage. Bornstein, D. Davis, S., (2010) Social Entrepreneurship: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Burns, P., (2012) Corporate Entrepreneurship: Innovation and Strategy in Large Organizations. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Dutiee, (2014) 7 Social Good Trends For Entrepreneurs To Ride On In 2014. [Online] Available at: https://www.dutiee.com/7-social-good-trends-for-entrepreneurs-to-ride-on-in-2014 [Accessed 2015]. Ferrell, O. C. Hartline, M., (2012) Marketing strategy. New York: Cengage Learning. Gunn, R. Durkin, C., (2010) Social Entrepreneurship: A Skills Approach. Bristol: Policy Press. Iversen, J., Jrgensen, R. Malchow-Mller, N., (2008) Defining and Measuring Entrepreneurship. Hanover: Now Publishers Inc. Juana-Espinosa, d. Susana, (2011) Human Resource Management in the Digital Economy: Creating Synergy between Competency Models and Information: Creating Synergy between Competency Models and Information. Hershey: IGI Global. Kumar, S. A., (2008) Small Business and Entrepreneurship. New Delhi: I. K. International Pvt Ltd. Praszkier, R. Nowak, A., (2011) Social Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

The Pros and Cons of Globalization free essay sample

In this generation, people around the world are more connected to each other compare to before. We try to break down the isolation wall between countries and make effort to build bridges where the products, ideas, and belief can cross the borders. Information flows on the Internet shared by people in different countries. Using the Division of Labor produce the different parts of the good in different country to reduce the cost. At the same time, goods are available in all parts of the world. International travel and studying abroad become more frequent and easier. Globalization is also the puppeteer of countries’ economic. Before making any conclusion, let’s talk about the pros and cons of globalization. The Advantage of Globalization Global free trade promotes global economic growth, creates jobs, and lets consumers have a better access to products and lower prices. For example, bananas the fruit only grow in humid, tropical regions of the world, thus people live in the northeast America would not be able to taste bananas if global free trade is not exist. We will write a custom essay sample on The Pros and Cons of Globalization or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Bananas thrive in Honduras so transporting bananas to other country can help Honduras’ economic. It can also create a lot of jobs. Bananas also thrive in the central and South American rainforests, Africa, and Southeast Asia. Therefore, they have to compete with each other over the amount of consumers that they are getting. Consumers can choose among the products made by different nations. People have more opportunities to travel to other countries. Now, during vacation people sometimes travel to other country to spend their time which help them to learn other cultures and also help the economic of the country that they are visiting. Traveling provides jobs for people for example, it supports14. 4 million jobs for Americans. People can have a better understanding about other countries and it can also help people to become more open and tolerant towards people who are from different backgrounds and encourage good international relations and discourage wars. Globalization helps nations to share information and technology. The developed countries can sell their advanced technologies to the developing countries to assist them to make more progresses. At the same time, the developing countries can help developed countries’ economics by buying the information and technology from them. The Disadvantage of Globalization Globalization helps particular countries’ industry. Because of that, some other countries’ unemployment has raised. For example in Asian countries where labor is cheaper, a lot of American and European companies send their manufacture jobs oversea. Therefore many people are under pressure of being unemployed in their home countries. Another damage of globalization is that we are losing some cultures. Because the cultures of the countries that have more economic power are more dominant than others, many small cultures are in the risk of being extinct. Countries have wealthy economics produce many things that can affect other cultures, for example, clothes, movies, and electronic products. So globalization depersonalize the country what we do not want it to happen. Because of each unique culture, we can have a different taste of the world. After the fast food is disseminated to China, many children begin to eat a lot of them instead of tradition Chinese meals which also increases the number of obesity in China. Globalization also makes the competition between enterprises more difficult. Companies now are not only competing with national competitors but also international competitors. Therefore, the requirement for the business becomes more strict and challenging. Many small local businesses have no choice other then go bankrupt. In my opinion, globalization is as same as a coin that has two sides; it has both advantages and disadvantages. When we are doing something if we cannot avoid making mistake, we should still try it at least we put effort into it and we can improve it next time. For globalization, we should continue it and learn from the disadvantages that are brought by it and try to let every country and each person gets benefits from it. The Pros and Cons of Globalization free essay sample The Pros and Cons of Globalization BY joy-w98 In this generation, people around the world are more connected to each other compare to before. We try to break down the isolation wall between countries and make effort to build bridges where the products, ideas, and belief can cross the borders. Information flows on the Internet shared by people in different countries. Using the Division of Labor produce the different parts of the good in different country to reduce the cost. At the same time, goods are available in all parts of the world. International travel and studying abroad become more frequent and easier. Globalization is also the puppeteer of countries economic. Before making any conclusion, lets talk about the pros and cons of globalization. The Advantage of Globalization Global free trade promotes global economic growth, creates Jobs, and lets consumers have a better access to products and lower prices. For example, bananas the fruit only grow in humid, tropical regions of the world, thus people live in the northeast America would not be able to taste bananas if global free trade is not exist. We will write a custom essay sample on The Pros and Cons of Globalization or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Bananas thrive in Honduras so transporting bananas to other country can help Honduras economic. It can also create a lot of Jobs. Bananas also thrive in the central and South American rainforests, Africa, and Southeast Asia. Therefore, they have to compete with each other over the amount of consumers that they are getting. Consumers can choose among the products made by different nations. People have more opportunities to travel to other countries. Now, during vacation people sometimes travel to other country to spend their time which help them to learn other cultures and also help the economic of the country that they are visiting. Traveling provides Jobs for people for example, it supports14. illion Jobs for Americans. People can have a better understanding about other countries and it can also help people to become more open and tolerant towards people who are from different backgrounds and encourage good international relations and discourage wars. Globalization helps nations to share information and technology. The developed countries can sell their advanced technologies t o the developing countries to assist them to make more progresses. At the same time, the developing countries can help developed countries economics by buying the information and technology from them. The Disadvantage of Globalization Globalization helps particular countries industry. Because of that, some other countries unemployment has raised. For example in Asian countries where labor is cheaper, a lot of American and European companies send their manufacture Jobs oversea. Therefore many people are under pressure of being unemployed in their home countries. Another damage of globalization is that we are losing some cultures. Because the cultures of the countries that have more economic power are more dominant than others, many small cultures are in the risk of being extinct. Countries have wealthy economics produce many things that can affect other cultures, for example, clothes, do not want it to happen. Because of each unique culture, we can have a different taste of the world. After the fast food is disseminated to China, many children begin to eat a lot of them instead of tradition Chinese meals which also increases the number of obesity in China. Globalization also makes the competition between enterprises more difficult. Companies now are not only competing with national competitors but also international competitors. Therefore, the requirement for the business becomes more strict and challenging. Many small local businesses have no choice other then go bankrupt. In my opinion, globalization is as same as a coin that has two sides; it has both advantages and disadvantages. When we are doing something if we cannot avoid making mistake, we should still try it at least we put effort into it and we can improve it next time. For globalization, we should continue it and learn from the disadvantages that are brought by it and try to let every country and each person gets benefits from it.

Decision to Get an MBA

Decision to Get an MBA Introduction Enrolling for an MBA requires one to invest a lot of time and resources. Therefore, people are very careful to find out if enrolling for this program is beneficial to them. This paper will deal with the issues that surround one’s decision to get an MBA.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Decision to Get an MBA specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Raising and countering objections regarding the decision to get an MBA Studying MBA helps one to think like a business leader since it helps one be aware of the complex issues in the business world, and how to deal with these issues. The program enables one to have business skills that are essential in running a business successfully. Additionally, one acquires soft skills. These include skills such as leadership and inter-personal skills. These are some of the important skills that a leader should have to be able to run a business successfully (Robbins Judge, 2011). An MBA is an important tool that helps one in the development of their career. Enrolling for this program helps one to get skills that lead to new opportunities. One is also able to have access to many senior positions that were out of reach previously. Once a person has done an MBA, there are many professional possibilities at their disposal. These include changing careers and promotions in the current career. A person who has earned an MBA is also viewed by the employer as one who is able to handle challenges. Studying MBA may usher one into new levels in their careers. Getting a promotion in senior levels translates to an increase in one’s salary. Better compensation is motivating to many people and every one seeks to earn a good salary. It is estimated that people who have an MBA earn an average of 66,500 dollars annually (Study2u.com, 2011). After graduating with an accredited MBA, one guaranteed of a salary increment in their place of work. Getting a salary incre ment is one of the major reasons that people choose to enroll for an MBA program. A recent study shows that 70% of the people who enroll for an MBA program choose the program because they want to access new opportunities, which lead to better remuneration. Another study shows that 70% of the people who have graduated with MBA work in senior positions, such as board directors (Study2u.com, 2011). Others also work as senior managers and other high ranking positions. MBA is a program that is recognized globally. Therefore, people who have an accredited MBA can work anywhere in the world. One is free to look for opportunities in countries abroad, which may offer a better package than the locally based companies. Studying MBA is beneficial to people who do not have a business background. The program helps in giving such people practical knowledge in the area of business. This knowledge is very useful because they are able to operate in the field of business administration just like peopl e who have a business background. Studying an MBA also offers one an opportunity to change from one career to another.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More MBA provides a person with competitive advantage over others because people who go through the program acquire leadership skills that make them competitive and qualified leaders. These are the leadership qualities, which are acquired from studying an MBA, which most companies look for when hiring people in higher management positions (Nickels, McHugh McHugh, 2010). An MBA program has topics which teach people how to start their own businesses. This helps one to be independent instead of only thinking about being employed. People who go through the program are provided with hands-on training that helps them deal with real life challenges in the business world. Therefore, the program helps in molding independent business entrep reneurs, who are able to run their businesses successfully. How raising and countering objections has helped inform my own decision to get an MBA and the reason(s) I have decided to go back to school According to Hoch, Kunreuther Gunther (2001), there is a variation in human behavior when it comes to making choices. The choices that one makes are influenced by certain factors. My decision to choose MBA was also influenced by certain factors. By understanding the importance of an MBA in the contemporary world, I have been able to unearth the truths and the lies being peddled around about this program. I have been able to understand that it is one of the most enriching and informative programs that one can enroll in. it is a program that can accommodate people from all fields without one having to struggle to understand the concepts being taught. Moreover, the benefits that one gets after completion are numerous, making it an investment that is worth. I have, therefore, decided to go back to school to study an MBA because I want to progress in my career. I want better remuneration as I work in high ranking position locally or abroad. Additionally, the skills I will get will enable me to start my own business enterprise in future. I am sure I will be able to run the enterprise successfully because I will already have the entrepreneurial skills that are necessary. The sources that I selected are credible because the authors of the books and the articles are people with vast experience in the areas they have written about. Conclusion MBA should be the choice for anyone who desires to advance in their career, change their career or start their own business. It is a very enriching program to people who have a business background and those who do not have any background in business. Reference List Hoch, J., Kunreuther, C., Gunther, E. (2001). Wharton on making decisions. New York, NY: Wiley.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Decision to Get a n MBA specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nickels, G., McHugh, M., McHugh, M. (2010). Understanding business. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Robbins, P. Judge, A. (2011). Organizational behavior. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Study2u.com. (2011). Benefits of studying an MBA the advantages of an MBA for your  Career. Web.

Free Essays on Auto Saftey

Safety is very important in the automotive shop. Knowing and following all your safety rules can help prevent injury and damage. There are many different little sections of safety in the shop for example, gasoline handling, housekeeping, general shop, fire, and hazardous materials. It’s recommended for the people to first know the rules and later apply them as they go on. There are also laws involved regarding hazardous waste disposals. So there fore they have to know the proper disposal methods. The Occupational Safety and Health Act was passed down by the United States government in 1970. This act is to teach the citizens of the United States about safety and good working conditions, and also providing them with information and training about safety and health. Shop hazards can be avoided by following the safety rules and procedures of the shop. Here are some hazards. * Flammable liquids must be stored properly away from fire. * Batteries contain corrosive sulfuric acid solution and produce explosive hydrogen gas while charging. * All types of liquids can be harmful either to the skin or eyes. *High-pressure air can be very dangerous if penetrates the skin and goes into bloodstream * Electrical equipment and lights may result in electrical shock. * Carbon monoxide from vehicle exhaust is poisonous. * Loose clothing, jewelry, long hair may entangle in rotating parts causing serious injury. * High noise levels from shop equipment can be harmful to the ears. * Oil, grease, water in shop floors can cause someone to slip and fall causing injury. Personal protection in the automotive shop. Here is some equipment you should and should not wear. * Always wear safety goggles or face shield in the shop. * Wear ear plugs or covers if high noise is encountered. * Always wear boots or shoes to provide foot protection, and falling. * Do not wear watches jewelry or rings when worki... Free Essays on Auto Saftey Free Essays on Auto Saftey Safety is very important in the automotive shop. Knowing and following all your safety rules can help prevent injury and damage. There are many different little sections of safety in the shop for example, gasoline handling, housekeeping, general shop, fire, and hazardous materials. It’s recommended for the people to first know the rules and later apply them as they go on. There are also laws involved regarding hazardous waste disposals. So there fore they have to know the proper disposal methods. The Occupational Safety and Health Act was passed down by the United States government in 1970. This act is to teach the citizens of the United States about safety and good working conditions, and also providing them with information and training about safety and health. Shop hazards can be avoided by following the safety rules and procedures of the shop. Here are some hazards. * Flammable liquids must be stored properly away from fire. * Batteries contain corrosive sulfuric acid solution and produce explosive hydrogen gas while charging. * All types of liquids can be harmful either to the skin or eyes. *High-pressure air can be very dangerous if penetrates the skin and goes into bloodstream * Electrical equipment and lights may result in electrical shock. * Carbon monoxide from vehicle exhaust is poisonous. * Loose clothing, jewelry, long hair may entangle in rotating parts causing serious injury. * High noise levels from shop equipment can be harmful to the ears. * Oil, grease, water in shop floors can cause someone to slip and fall causing injury. Personal protection in the automotive shop. Here is some equipment you should and should not wear. * Always wear safety goggles or face shield in the shop. * Wear ear plugs or covers if high noise is encountered. * Always wear boots or shoes to provide foot protection, and falling. * Do not wear watches jewelry or rings when worki...

Globalisation as the Enhanced Cooperation Assignment

Globalisation as the Enhanced Cooperation - Assignment Example Intergovernmental agencies act as a watchdog that promotes peace and human rights. Contentious issues are not military solved but dealt with in amicably in summits. Economic trade organizations encourage multilateral and bilateral interactions. Introduction of subsidies and wavering on tariffs results to lowered priced goods which curbs inflation. Controlled inflation finally is what normally improves the living standards benefitting both the states involved in the trade. Economic integration also protects members from exploitation as their union reinforce the bargaining power in the international markets. Such symbiotic relationships foster peace and unity in a region (Pande & Weide, 2012). Citizens moving across borders of countries also undergo fewer restrictions. Interurban and the interurban trades have greatly promoted cultural interaction and appreciation among between these regions. Migration is never an easy task in as much as it can bring happiness to a person. A young male Mexican with little attachments, if unmarried can find it easy to move from a place to the next. This young individual might possess little baggage to carry around and is flexible enough to adapt everywhere. Movement for the retired mid-western farm couple is quite challenging. The movement for the aged is quite difficult reason being getting adapted to a new culture which is not simple. An old couple might find it difficult to move after already stabilizing a family in a place. Lastly on the unemployed heavy machine operator will face the hurdle of mobility in terms of machinery. Moving heavy machinery is expensive and can lead to breakage while in transit. Security in where he will be moving is also important for both his/her equipment and family. Acclimatising and adapting to a new area could have been easier if the heavy equipment operator could have been of a tender age. Migration is irredeemably an agent of diffusion. As people move from one place to the next they  bring in cultural exchange. America was referred to as the new world by the Europeans as they a vast culture that was so alien to theirs.

Personality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Personality - Essay Example The judgmental way of thinking comes out as a result of my extroverted nature. Due to the fact that I am also feeling, this combination is what allows me to be empathetic toward others. By understanding the characteristics of my personality profile, I can be aware of what situations I will do well in and which ones I will not. In addition, it helps me understand how I get along with certain people and not others. This is incredibly important when taking a leadership position and learning how to interact and motivate followers. Sometimes, we act without thinking because that is the way our personality works. This automated form of behavior can be important in situations where you could say or do something that may be automatic to you, but might not be socially/culturally acceptable to people who do not share the same personality type. In organizational behavior, personality assessments are important in determining whether someone is going to be good for a particular job. For example, if someone is interviewing to work in customer service, however they score an â€Å"I â€Å" on their personality inventory, this would end up hurting the company.

Fine Art Essay Example for Free

Fine Art Essay Art is the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power. Art was originally used to refer to a skill or mastery and was not differentiated from crafts or sciences (â€Å"Art,† 2013, para. 1). Around the 17th century, a shift in modern art began to develop into fine arts, where aesthetic considerations are paramount, are distinguished from acquired skills in general, and the decorative or applied arts (â€Å"Art,† 2013). Sketch aesthetics, also known as esquisses, are preparatory sketches or paintings to quickly capture the idea of a painting (Myers, N. , (2000-2013). The aesthetic of the sketch in the nineteenth-century France). This process was used frequently throughout the time of fine art. The Raft of Medusa by Gericault, and Mount Sainte-Victoria broke traditional fine arts when they combined it with applied arts, which is the application of design to objects of everyday use (â€Å"Applied Arts, 2013). The Raft of the Medusa is an oil painting of 1818–1819 by the French Romantic painter and Lithographer Theodore Gericault (1791–1824) (â€Å"Raft of Medusa,† 2013). Gericault undertook extensive research and produced many preparatory sketches. He interviewed two of the survivors, and constructed a detailed scale model of the raft. His efforts took him to morgues and hospitals where he could view, first-hand, the colour and texture of the flesh of the dying and dead (â€Å"Raft of Medusa,† 2013, para. 2). This portrait depicts the essence of the gruesome fight that occurred at this naval appointment which was on widely controversial topic concerning the competence of the Ministry of Navy. Although The Raft of the Medusa retains elements of the traditions of history painting, in both its choice of subject matter and its dramatic presentation, it represents a break from the calm and order of the then-prevailing neoclassical school (â€Å"Raft of Medusa,† 2013, para. 3). Mount Sainte-Victoria is a series of oil paintings by the French artist Paul Cezanne (â€Å"Mont Sainte-Victoire,† 2013). This landscape is an iconic mountain in southern France that overlooks the Aix-en Provence. Cezanne often included a sketch of a railroad that ran alongside the mountain in his paintings. Cezanne praised the Mont Sainte-Victoire, which he viewed from the train while passing through the railway bridge at Arc River Valley and soon he began the series wherein he topicalized this mountain (â€Å"Mont Sainte-Victoire,† 2013, para. 2). Cezanne was skilled at analysis. He used geometry to describe nature, and used different colors to represent the depth of objects (â€Å"Mont Sainte-Victoire,† 2013). As I can concisely conclude that the Raft of Medusa by Gericault and Mount Sainte-Victoria, in both their choice of subject matter and their presentation, they represent a break from fine arts. These major breakthroughs lead to much criticism, but ultimately led to the rapid change of development in fine arts that influence today’s ideas. These paintings and painters will remain revolutionary topics for years to come. Works Cited:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_art

Artificial Intelligence Essay -- Science

Overview Way back in 1965, technologist Herbert Simon stated that, â€Å"Machines will be capable, within 20 years, of doing any work a man can do† (Vardi, 2012). Nearly fifty years later, this world has been impacted by artificial intelligence (AI) equipped technologies in major ways. The threat of AI equipped computer systems and machinery taking jobs away from humans is becoming a harsh reality (Vardi, 2012). As with every innovative technology there are positive and negative externalities involved. This paper will: define AI, discuss positives and negatives involved with implementing AI systems, explore several types of different ways AI equipped systems are tested, and venture into the current stage of AI systems primarily IBM’s Watson project. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Defined Artificial intelligence (AI) can simply be defined as â€Å"the application of human intelligence to computers† (Shelly & Vermaat 2010). John McCarthy, a professor at Stanford University in the Computer Science Department describes AI as, â€Å"the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. The similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence, but AI does not have to confine itself to methods that are biologically observable† (McCarthy 2007). The book Management Information Systems, written by Kenneth Laudon and Jane Laudon (2012) describes AI as, â€Å"technology, which consists of computer-based systems (both hardware and software) that attempt to emulate human behavior† (Laudon & Laudon, 2012, p. 457). These systems can, â€Å"learn languages, accomplish physical tasks, use perceptual apparatus, and emulate human expertise and decision making† (Laudon & Laudon, 2012, p. 457). Essentially... ...., & Laoui, T. (2010). Development of an AI-based Rapid Manufacturing Advice System. International Journal Of Production Research, 48(8), 2261-2278. Noor, A. K. (2010). Preparing for the Intelligence Era. Mechanical Engineering, 132(11), 24-28. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Putting the ' Smarts' into the Smart Grid: A Grand Challenge for Artificial Intelligence. (2012). Communications of the ACM, 55(4), 86-97. doi:10.1145/2133806.2133825 Shelly, G & Vermaat, M. (2010). Discovering Computers 2010. Boston, MA: Course Technology. Shieber, S. M. (2007). The Turing Test as Interactive Proof. Nous, 41(4), 686-713. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0068.2007.00636.x Vardi, M. Y. (2012). Artificial Intelligence: Past and Future. Communications Of The ACM, 55(1), 5. doi:10.1145/2063176.2063177 Von Drehle, D. (2010). Meet Dr. Robot. Time, 176(24), 44-49. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Artificial Intelligence Essay -- Science Overview Way back in 1965, technologist Herbert Simon stated that, â€Å"Machines will be capable, within 20 years, of doing any work a man can do† (Vardi, 2012). Nearly fifty years later, this world has been impacted by artificial intelligence (AI) equipped technologies in major ways. The threat of AI equipped computer systems and machinery taking jobs away from humans is becoming a harsh reality (Vardi, 2012). As with every innovative technology there are positive and negative externalities involved. This paper will: define AI, discuss positives and negatives involved with implementing AI systems, explore several types of different ways AI equipped systems are tested, and venture into the current stage of AI systems primarily IBM’s Watson project. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Defined Artificial intelligence (AI) can simply be defined as â€Å"the application of human intelligence to computers† (Shelly & Vermaat 2010). John McCarthy, a professor at Stanford University in the Computer Science Department describes AI as, â€Å"the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. The similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence, but AI does not have to confine itself to methods that are biologically observable† (McCarthy 2007). The book Management Information Systems, written by Kenneth Laudon and Jane Laudon (2012) describes AI as, â€Å"technology, which consists of computer-based systems (both hardware and software) that attempt to emulate human behavior† (Laudon & Laudon, 2012, p. 457). These systems can, â€Å"learn languages, accomplish physical tasks, use perceptual apparatus, and emulate human expertise and decision making† (Laudon & Laudon, 2012, p. 457). Essentially... ...., & Laoui, T. (2010). Development of an AI-based Rapid Manufacturing Advice System. International Journal Of Production Research, 48(8), 2261-2278. Noor, A. K. (2010). Preparing for the Intelligence Era. Mechanical Engineering, 132(11), 24-28. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Putting the ' Smarts' into the Smart Grid: A Grand Challenge for Artificial Intelligence. (2012). Communications of the ACM, 55(4), 86-97. doi:10.1145/2133806.2133825 Shelly, G & Vermaat, M. (2010). Discovering Computers 2010. Boston, MA: Course Technology. Shieber, S. M. (2007). The Turing Test as Interactive Proof. Nous, 41(4), 686-713. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0068.2007.00636.x Vardi, M. Y. (2012). Artificial Intelligence: Past and Future. Communications Of The ACM, 55(1), 5. doi:10.1145/2063176.2063177 Von Drehle, D. (2010). Meet Dr. Robot. Time, 176(24), 44-49. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.

Memo: Understanding the Telecommunications Revolution Essay

We are developing a product that would revolutionize the way we use telecommunications. Picture a cell phone that uses 3d graphics to communicate with someone by simply clicking on the video- camera-function that is found on all smartphones. This cell phone will transform simple phone usage to virtual encounters that will enhance our current and future customer’s lives. The plan is to have this android smartphone be available to the consumer market as of 2015. In order for this to happen we, first, will have to look at the quality cost of this product. Quality cost will play an important factor in making this phone successful. There are a total of three quality costs that we must address for this product. The costs include appraisal, failure, and prevention. Prevention cost assist with checking products for failures. Prevention Costs The first category of costs is prevention costs. These are the costs that a company incurs to ensure that product failures of varius kinds do not occur either during the production process or when in the hands of a customer. These costs can also be incurred to ensure that there are fewer process-related failures. These are discretionary costs, for a company’s management may choose not to expend any funds on prevention activities (though there will be an offsetting increase in failure costs). Examples of prevention costs are as follows: Administration of quality-related activities – Some staff time is required to plan for and administer quality-related prevention activities. The cost of this labor should be supplemented by the cost of related benefits and payroll taxes. Education – Avery significant expense is the preparation of training materials, the cost of trainers and training facilities, and (the largest expense of all) the labor cost of all employees attending the training. This is a key prevention activity, and will be one of the largest costs in the prevention category. New product trial costs – For those organizations releasing new products, having customers test product designs is a central method for ensuring a high quality of design. Accordingly, the costs of products given to customers and survey administration can be clustered into this subcategory. Preventive maintenance – Ensuring that machinery is capable of running when needed is a key prevention activity. This includes the costs of maintenance personnel engaged in preventive maintenance, as well as any related materials and administrative costs. Preventive maintenance scheduling software – The just-noted preventive maintenance activities can be more easily accomplished if there is maintenance software available that tracks the last time such maintenance was conducted and how heavily a machine has been used since that time, and that schedules additional maintenance based on those two factors. Procedure and instruction development – A major prevention activity is the creation of machine operation instructions and other procedures that give employees complete information about how to conduct their jobs. With this information in hand, there is much less chance that any steps in the production process will be mishandled, resulting in quality problems. The cost of this subcategory includes the initial investigation of activities, procedure development, and distribution of the resulting materials. Supplier qualification assessments – Products cannot have a high quality level unless the supplier parts comprising them have high quality standards. The cost of all employee time spent in reviewing and assessing the output of suppliers must fall into this category. Tool design reviews – If a company uses a number of custom tools to create products, then those tools must be carefully reviewed in terms of their ability to produce parts at minimum specification levels, as well as their ability to do so consistently and with minimal failure rates. The costs of these reviews and any resulting tool revision costs must fall into this category. Warranty reviews – One form of prevention is to closely review all customer warranty claims in order to discern clues regarding what product problems can be prevented at the company before they can reach customers. The cost of this review and any subsequent investigation of possible problems should fall into this subcategory. Appraisal Cost The second category of costs is appraisal costs. These are the costs incurred to measure products, the material components used in products, and the processes used to manufacture products. These activities are designed to reduce the number of defective products shipped to customers. These are different from prevention costs, in that they attempt to improve quality strictly through increased inspection activities. These are also discretionary costs, for a company does not have to use any appraisal activities whatsoever—though eliminating them will increase the number of low quality products shipped to customers. Examples of appraisal costs are as follows: Incoming component testing – If there are particularly troublesome problems with materials received from suppliers, then a company may have initiated an extensive effort to review a large proportion of those materials, which will result in costs not only for testing personnel, but also for any materials that are destroyed during the testing process. Material appraisal – It is common for the quality control staff to remove items from various stages of the production process for testing purposes. If the removed materials are destroyed during testing, then the cost of these materials should be recorded as an appraisal cost. Outsourced laboratory testing – Some of the tests conducted on materials are of such a specialized nature that a company finds it to be more cost-effective to send them to an outside laboratory for review. The fees of such laboratories should be charged to this cost subcategory. Process appraisal – The appraisal process is not confined to materials reviews. It is also necessary to periodically analyze how well the production and supporting processes are functioning; the staff time devoted to this activity should be charged to this cost subcategory. Prototype appraisal – The quality staff can spot problems with new products before they are produced by examining a variety of quality-related issues on prototype products. The cost of testing and destruction of prototypes should be grouped into this cost subcategory. Testing equipment calibration – The testing equipment used by the quality staff must be periodically recalibrated to ensure its accuracy. This task is frequently performed by certified outside calibration services, which makes it easier to identify their fees and charge them to this cost subcategory. Testing equipment – Depending on the kinds of quality tests performed, the types of testing equipment needed can be very expensive. If the cost of this equipment falls below a company’s capitalization limit, then the entire cost can be charged straight to this subcategory. If higher, then the associated deprecation expense should be charged here. Internal Failure Cost The third category of costs is internal failure costs. These are costs incurred as a result of discovering product defects prior to shipment. At that time, products can be taken out of the production or warehouse areas, repaired or scrapped, and placed back in the production process if possible. There are a number of related costs that accompany these activities that make this a very expensive cost category. Examples of internal failure costs are as follows: Correction of related paperwork – When a product failure occurs internally, resulting in rework or scrap, there are a number of resulting paperwork activities. One is that the production scheduling staff must schedule new production to replace the items removed from production. Also, the eliminated items must be reported to the purchasing staff, so that they can order replacement materials. Further, the accounting staff must determine the cost of the scrap or rework and record it in the financial records. The staff time required to complete all of these activities should be recorded here. Lost profit on products sold as seconds – When a company finds that it has products of a sufficiently low quality that they cannot be sold through normal sales channels, it may elect to sell them at a discount, rather than expend extra rework effort to bring them up to a higher quality standard. If so, the loss in profits that occurs when these products are sold at the lower price point should be recorded in this subcategory as a cost or a sales discount. Machinery downtime – When internal product failures are discovered, machinery downtime can be caused for two reasons. One is that the machines are now needed to rework defective product, which keeps them from being used to create new product. Also, the cause of the internal failures may be the machinery, which requires some downtime while they are investigated and repaired. In either case, the cost of the machinery downtime should be charged to this cost subcategory. Redesign – If a product continues to have high quality error rates over time, the problem may not be in the manufacturing process at all, but rather in the underlying product design. If so, the engineering staff will require extra time to develop a new design and test it to ensure that all quality problems have been resolved. The engineering time charged to this work should be summarized into this cost subcategory, as well as the costs of any inventory that will become obsolete as a result of design changes. Re-inspection and testing – Once a product has been reworked, it must be inspected and tested to ensure that it now meets quality specifications, which requires extra staff time. Repurchasing – When products are scrapped, the purchasing staff may need to repurchase the components needed to create replacement products. The cost of the time needed to do this can be recorded separately here, or in the ‘‘corrections to related paperwork’’ subcategory that is noted earlier in this list. Rework – Depending on the extent of product rework required, there may be a separate staff devoted to this activity. If not, then production workers must be drawn from the production line (thereby taking time away from the production of other products) to perform this work. In either case, the cost of their time is charged to this account. There may also be a charge for the use of any machinery required to perform rework tasks. Safety stock – If there is a significant volume of internal product failure, the management team may think it necessary to keep on hand large quantities of extra components to make up the shortfall of components that would otherwise occur due to the scrapping of low-quality products. There is an interest cost associated with the investment in this extra inventory, as well as storage, insurance, and obsolescence costs that can be accumulated into this cost subcategory. Scrap – Some products may be of such a low quality level that they cannot be reworked, and so must be thrown away. However, some of these costs may be recouped by the income from sale of the scrap (if this is possible). For high-cost products, this is a very expensive subcategory of internal failure costs. Supplier claims processing – When internal failure costs are traced to supplier quality problems, a company must not only ship back defective supplier parts, but also process claims against the offending suppliers, so that it will not have to pay for the low-quality parts. This claims processing step can be an administrative headache, and an expensive one where there are many supplier-caused quality problems. External Failure Cost The final category of costs is external failure costs – These are the costs incurred when low-quality products are shipped to customers. This tends to be the most difficult quality cost area to measure, because it is difficult to quantify some customer related costs (as noted in the following bullet points). There is general agreement among quality experts that these costs are the most expensive of all the various cost of-quality categories, for the loss of customers due to low quality can have a catastrophic impact on an organization’s profitability. Examples of external failure costs are as follows: Customer surveys – A company may conduct customer surveys for the sole reason that it needs feedback about the quality of products issued to them. If this is the only reason for creating and operating a survey (as opposed to one that is used by the marketing department for product positioning and pricing purposes), then the cost of the survey can be charged to this account. Customer-imposed penalties – Customers who use a company’s output in their products may have considerable concerns about the quality of incoming components and will reinforce these concerns with their suppliers by charging penalties for poor-quality production. If so, these penalties should certainly be segregated into a separate account, so that management can easily determine their extent. Invoice adjustments – The cost of processing alterations to customer invoices can be very time-consuming, especially when there are a large volume of customer returns, for each transaction tends to be a unique one that requires a great deal of time. If this activity requires a significant amount of time, the associated cost can be stored separately in this account; if not, it may be rolled into the ‘‘Processing customer returns’’ account (as noted later in this list). Loss of customers – This is the potentially largest cost in the external failure cost category. It can be quantified by tracking those customers who are no longer buying from the company, contacting them to determine whether low quality was the reason, and then calculating the lost profit based on sales to those customers in the preceding year. Though the resulting figure will not tie to any cost recorded through a traditional accounting system, the opportunity cost of sales lost should still be itemized in this account, due to its potential size. Loss of reputation – A potentially very large expense is the reduction in a company’s reputation when it continually sells ow-quality products. This is a very difficult cost to calculate or even estimate, so most companies do not use this cost account, preferring instead to simply itemize the potential for this cost in the narrative sections of their quality cost reports. Processing customer returns – Whenever a customer returns a product, the receiving staff must complete special paperwork on it, store it in a special location, have it reviewed by a quality control team, and disposition it in accordance with their instructions, while the accounting staff must process a credit to the customer. The costs of all these activities should be charged to this account. Product recall insurance – If a company has a history of conducting product recalls, it may be necessary to reduce its risk of incurring further recall-related costs by procuring a product recall insurance policy. However, this can be a very expensive policy to obtain, especially if there is a recent recall history. The cost is certainly high enough to place in its own separate account. Product recall – If a company finds that quality problems with a product are sufficiently extensive, it can recall them. There are many costs when this happens, including payment for the inbound freight costs for returned products, the cost of reworking defective products, the cost of issuing replacement products, and the administrative overhead associated with these tasks. This can be an inordinately expensive cost subcategory. Supplier warranty claim processing – When customers return products, there is a good chance that the cause of their complaints is issues with product components that were sold to the company by its suppliers. If so, the company must expend considerable effort in filling out warranty claim forms to send to its suppliers in order to obtain reimbursement for shoddy components. These administrative costs should be charged to this account. Warranty claim administration – When there are many product returns from customers, a company will find it necessary to create a full-time warranty claims department. The cost of the staff for this department, as well as all associated overhead costs, should be charged to this account.

Salvador Dali Giorgio de Chirico

How could two pieces created in different art movements share similar traits? Salvador Dali’s Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee Around a Pomegranate a Second Before Awakening and Georgio De Chirico’s The Disquieting Muses are surprisingly similar. Both paintings take the viewer into the dream world by using different elements, principles, and subject matter. Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee Around a Pomegranate a Second Before Awakening was an oil on canvas painting (20 in x 15. 9 in) created in 1944. Dali was a leader in the Surrealist movement, and this painting reflects Surrealism well.The subject matter was inspired by a dream that Dali’s wife, Gala, had. The nude and idealized Gala floats above a rocky platform that is also floating above the ocean. The heart shaped pomegranate (the Christian symbol of fertility and resurrection) is cut open and has a scorpion fish bursting out of the fruit. Coming out of the mouth of the fish, is a tiger, and jumping o ut of that tiger’s mouth, is another tiger. In front of the tiger, a baoyonet is falling just inches away from Gala’s face. The bee is located beside a pomegrante directly below Gala’s ribcage. There is also another bee created out of four subjects.The bayonet symbolizes the bee’s stinger, the two tigers are the body (black and yellow) and the fish is the eyes of the bee. In the foreground is an elephant with elongated legs found in other Dali pieces. Giorgo de Chirico’s The Disquieting Muses was also an oil on canvas painting (38. 25 in x 26 in) but was created sometime between 1916-1918. The two muses are in the front of the painting. One is standing, and another is sitting. A red mask, a staff, and several other items are placed beside them. There is also a manequin in the foreground. The painting’s setting is among a couple of factories.It is a very industrialized scene that shows no signs of nature. The painting altogether shows little relation to the real world. Giorgio de Chirico was an Italian painter who believed that, â€Å" art must escape all human limits: logic and common sense will only interfere†. Chirico was a part of the Metaphysical art movement which strongly inspired the Surrealist movement. The greatest similaritiy between the two paintings is their ability to take the viewer out of this world by using unrealistic figures. Dali’s painting is based on a dream, and Chirico’s painting reminds the viewer of a dream.Both paintings use form and perspective to create a 3D world. Surrealists believed in blurring the boundary between art and reality. Similarly, Chirico’s paintings from 1909-1919 escaped reality. The two artists also shared times of chaos. Although Chirico came before Dali, Giorgio painted during World War I and Salvador painted through World War II. Despite being different wars, they were wars nonetheless, and each artist experienced the hardships that world wars can bring. Because of World War II, Salvador Dali fled to the United States to escape Europe, where as Giorgio de Chirico remained in the East during WWI.The two artists went through different time periods, and thus, experienced different cultures. In the latter time of his career, de Chirico switched his style to closer match classisicm, and even critisized the surrealists, while Dali was a proud leader of the Surrealist movement. The colors in The Disquieting Muses are warm colors along with dark values and create an feeling of uncertanity. In Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee Around a Pomegranate a Second Before Awakening most of the colors are cool colors, and despite the presence of two jumping tigers, the viewer still feels calm.Dali’s work captures motion in every part of the painting, from the floating Gala, to the walking elephant, to the pomegranate seeds falling. In contrast, Chirico’s subjects are perfectly still with the exception of two small flags bei ng blown by the wind. Although Salvador Dali creates a painting that is unrealistic, the subject matter is made up of objects that a human can recognize, for example, a viewer knows what a tiger, an elephant, a nude woman, and what the ocean looks like.On the other hand, Girogrio de Chirico creates muses, a mask, and other objects that most people have never seen before. In conclusion Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee Around a Pomegranate a Second Before Awakening and The Disquieting Muses are both examples of â€Å"the dream world†. One is actually based on a dream, while the other simply gives a dream-like feeling. Each one takes the viewer out of reality and into an unknown environment which is exactly what the artists intended to do.

Answers to Questions About Apostrophes

Answers to Questions About Apostrophes Answers to Questions About Apostrophes Answers to Questions About Apostrophes By Mark Nichol Here are three questions from readers about use of apostrophes to mark possession or plurality, followed by my responses. 1. When I have a list of people who all possess something, how do I handle the apostrophe(s)? Which of the following sentences is correct?: â€Å"Today is John, Mary, and my second anniversary with the company.† â€Å"Today is John’s, Mary’s, and my second anniversary with the company.† â€Å"Today is John, Mary’s, and my second anniversary with the company.† â€Å"Today is John’s, Mary’s, and my second anniversary with the company† is correct, because the possessive (or, more accurately, genitive) function of my covers only itself, and each of the names needs its own possessive markers they can’t share one. (Even â€Å"Today is John and Mary’s second anniversary with the company† works only if they joined as a single unit; by contrast, â€Å"Today is John and Mary’s second wedding anniversary† is correct because it implies that they united as a couple.) 2. Which of the following options regarding the apostrophe s is correct?: â€Å"This view of Smith regarding the relation between rationality and social contexts is inspired by Marx’s philosophy.† â€Å"This view of Smith’s regarding the relation between rationality and social contexts is inspired by Marx’s philosophy.† The apostrophe plus s is correct: This is an example of the possessive, or genitive, case; the view â€Å"belongs† to Smith, so it should be treated as if you wrote â€Å"Smith’s view . . . .† (One could also write, â€Å"This view from Smith . . .,† but the possessive form reads better.) 3. Recently, there was a headline in the Los Angeles Times that read, â€Å"The what if’s of Iraq.† Is the apostrophe in if’s correct? No. It should read, â€Å"The what ifs of Iraq† (or, better yet, what-ifs), just as one would refer to more than one no as nos (not no’s) and a list of recommendations as â€Å"dos and don’ts† (not don’t’s). The editors probably thought that â€Å"what ifs† looks odd, but they violated the rule â€Å"Minimize exceptions†: They wouldn’t (one hopes) insert a second apostrophe in don’ts, so why put an extraneous one in â€Å"what ifs†? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Confusing "Passed" with "Past"Testimony vs. Testimonial

Attaching Pronouns to Verbs

Attaching Pronouns to Verbs Spanish pronouns and verbs are usually written as separate words when adjacent. But there are three instances where object pronouns can or must be attached to the verbs they accompany, making the written form of verbpronoun appear as a single word. Reasons To Attach Pronouns Here are some examples of verbs and pronouns being combined, with the pronouns shown in boldface: Quiero comprarlo. (I want to buy it. Comprar and lo are listed as separate words in dictionaries.) ¡Olvà ­dalo! (Forget it! Olvida and lo are usually separate words.)Seguirn comprndolo aà ±o tras aà ±o. (They will keep on buying it year after year.) ¡Bà ©same ahora! (Kiss me now!)Me lo llevo a casa para estudiarlo. (I am taking it home to study it.)No puedo verla. (I cant see it.) As you might be able to infer from these examples, the three types of verb forms that object pronouns can be attached to are these: Infinitives (the form of the verb that ends in -ar, -er or -ir).Gerunds (the form of the verb that ends in -ando or -endo).Affirmative commands (but not negative ones). In all cases, the pronunciation of the verb with the pronoun attached is the same as if they were separate words. But in writing, an accent is sometimes required, as in some of the above examples, with gerunds and affirmative commands, to make certain that the accent remains on the correct syllable. It also is possible to attach two object pronouns to a single verb: Puedes decà ­rmelo. (You can say it to me.) In such cases, the accent is always necessary. Pronouns Attached to Infinitives When an infinitive is used with another verb, the pronoun or pronouns can be attached to the infinitive but dont have to be. In such cases, the pronoun or pronouns can come before or after the verbinfinitive. In the following examples, either form is acceptable: Lo quiero comprar. Quiero comprarlo. (I want to buy it.)Me hizo leerlo. Me lo hizo leer. (She made me read it.)Espero verte. Te espero ver. (I hope to see you)Las voy a estudiar. Voy a estudiarlas. (I am going to study them.)Lo tengo que comer. Tengo que comerlo. (I have to eat it.)No lo puedo comprender. No puedo comprenderlo. (I cant understand it.)Lo detesto saber. Detesto saberlo. (I hate knowing it.) Note how these forms dont require a written accent. The stress of an infinitive is always on the last syllable, and all the personal pronouns end in a vowel or s, putting the stress on the next-to-last syllable anyway. When an infinitive is used as a noun- such as when it follows a preposition or is used as the subject of a sentence- attachment of the pronoun is required: Conocerte es amarte. (To know you is to love you.)Una manera muy simple de comprenderlo es observarlo. (A very simple way of understanding it is to observe it.)Pulsa sobre la fotografà ­a para verme con mi nueva familia. (Click on the photograph to see me with my new family.)Mi mayor miedo es conocerme a mà ­ mismo. (My biggest fear is knowing my very self.)No hay razà ³n para ofenderos. (There is no reason for offending you.) Pronouns Attached to Gerunds The rules for gerunds are similar to those for infinitives. When a gerund is used preceded by another verb, the pronoun can be placed before the other verb but not between the other verb and the gerund. When a gerund stands by itself, the pronoun typically is attached. Some examples: La estoy buscando. Estoy buscndola. (I am looking for it.)Seguirà © estudindolo. Lo seguirà © estudiando. (I will keep on studying it.)Leyà ©ndolo, tendrs à ©xito. (By reading it youll be successful.)Nos estn dominando. Estn dominndonos. (They are dominating us.) Note the use of written accents with the gerund. Pronouns Attached to Affirmative Commands Object pronouns typically are placed attached to affirmative commands (a command in which someone is told to do something), but before negative commands (a command in which an adverb of negation, usually no, is used). Some examples:  ¡Cà ³melo! (Eat it!) ¡No lo comas! (Dont eat it!)Mà ­renme. (Look at me.)No me miren. (Dont look at me.)Està ºdiala. (Study it.)No la estudie. (Dont study it.)

Seagram building Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Seagram building - Essay Example The design of the building was given by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe who came to America from Germany (Whiffen and Koeper, 1984). The mythic ideals of German efficiency and clean cut German design are certainly evident from the way the building is structured yet the overall mix of the faà §ade of the building does not make it stick out like a sore thumb amongst the other buildings which surround it. The design also takes its cues from the American architect Philip Johnson who worked on the building from the time it was started in 1954 to the time it was completed in 1958. The building contains 38 floors and the exterior represents a fine example of post modern architecture that focuses on corporate seriousness and hints of gothic styling (Muschamp, 1999). The initial purpose of the building was to serve as corporate headquarters and the primary offices for Seagram’s & Sons but with time other offices and companies have established their bases in the building as well. While it would be interesting to study how the tenants of the building have changed with time, for our purposes, it is perhaps more important to study the architecture and the art of the building. The building faces Park Avenue over a broad plaza of Vermont granite which is lined by water pools on both sides that have ledges of marble that has been given an antique look (Whiffen and Koeper, 1984). The architecture of the tower itself is based on the steel structure that holds the building together with walls of pink-gray glass that give the building a distinctive look. The second element, which helps in creating the now classic look for the building, come from the bronze that has been used to make the various spandrels and I-beams which are visible on the exterior of the building (Muschamp, 1999). Discussing the building in the context of its surroundings Speyer (1968) says that: â€Å"The inescapable drama of

Science fiction film studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Science fiction film studies - Essay Example c world that is not real, asks you to suspend your disbelief and pretend that it is, and then return to reality, hopefully, with some new insight for this world. At least that is the basic idea. However, sometimes the medium (or all the gimmicks) becomes the message and it is just for fun. There is nothing wrong with that either, as long as you know which side of the toast the butter is on. In other words if you started out making a message film but it got lost in the medium, than the message never gets out and the film usually winds up being a milquetoast event. All the films in this list have a message and were, supposedly, made to get that message out, let us see how it worked by analyzing a few. One can only imagine the audience seeing Fritz Lang’s Film, â€Å"Metropolis† for the very first time in 1927. The effects had to be as spellbinding as the audiences in 1977 seeing the premier of â€Å"Star Wars.† These two films as well as most others of the genre that have held the test of time as message driven movies have one thing in common. Their message is mythological. As Malcolmson notes in his article, The Matrix, Liberal Education and Other Splinters in the Mind, that, â€Å"Audience fascination with the character types is related to the power of myths.† (2004: 148) Whatever the innate and archetypal need for mythology, beliefs, religion is in the human psyche, it’s presence in sci-fi movies is profound and moving. When this connection is lacking, the movies is usually relegated to the b-movie section of the class. B-movies are fun too but that is another topic of discussion. However, while the effects of mythology in filmmaking are often profound their interwoven texture in the movie should not be too obvious, or it can become a little heavy-handed and the message can get blurred. Malcolmson also notes that â€Å"The Matrix† is â€Å"densely allusive† (2005: 141) and we find that was the intention of the Wachowski brothers as he quotes Larry

Is a Publicly Funded Transit System Reasonable Essay

Is a Publicly Funded Transit System Reasonable - Essay Example The essay "Is a Publicly Funded Transit System Reasonable?" talks about a transport agency Toronto Transit Commission which operates streetcars, rapid transit, and transit bus services in Canada, Ontario and Toronto. It is the quickest and most convenient way to get into Toronto. Currently, the public sector runs this commission. As much as many people may prefer running institutions privately, public good funded systems are better managed. Public or common good as defined by John Rawls as a general condition that is equally advantageous to everyone. By using public good, affordable and accessible services are available to both workers and consumers of the service. It also promotes a political and just legal system in the country. Public good in a transport system actively creates a better environment that may be defined, creates justice, and a liberal, fair social infrastructure that permits the pursuit of virtue. Publicly funded transit system provides competitive advantages. An ar gument for the public good in the transport system is based on the philosophy of John Rawls of Justice is fairness. Any person participating in a practice or is affected by it poses an equal right to a more general liberty compatible with liberty for all. Inequality is arbitrary unless it is illogical to expect that it will work out as an advantage to everyone, and provided the offices and positions to which it attaches is open to all. It is always a right of any person in Toronto to get access to inalienable good public transportation.

Public transport Essay Example for Free

Public transport Essay The technique the client and I used to attempt to help her manage her agoraphobia was to expose her gradually to her fear of open spaces. We did this by going for walks increasing the distance each time as the clients anxiety levels decreased. We would not extend distancing until the client could reach a certain agreed point without feeling anxious. During the exposure the client and I would discuss how she was feeling and if she became very anxious we would stop and adopt relaxation techniques in the form of breathing. A fuller discussion of these techniques will be discussed later on. The aim was to relax the clients while confronting her with her fear and then build up gradually so she could take a taxi to her fathers flat and take other public transport.  When the client reached the stage where she became comfortable with the walking distances we arranged a public transport ride. During the days prior to the journey we adopted visualisation where the client would imagine what would happen in the bus. We would also discuss how she would deal with the situation if she were to suffer an epileptic fit while in a bus or out walking. This technique is a form of behaviour therapy called graded exposure (Atkinson 1993) it is all very well facilitating the person to understand why she is phobic but this does not mean the person will be cured of her phobia (Manville 1991).  The aim of behaviour therapy is to change the clients behaviour. It works on the principle that the behaviour has been learnt, but this did not cause her to change her behaviour. The basic approach of graded exposure is to relax the phobia and then introduce her gradually to the object or situation she fears. The nurse can either do this with the client through visualisation or actual exposure (Atkinson 1993).  This client was exposed using visualisation but the technique used the most was direct exposure to the situation.  The ideas to take the clients smallest fear and confront this first working up to their largest fear. This is called the graded hierarchy. The clients smallest fear was to go out of her front door and her largest was to be able to travel on public transport at will. Working towards the clients largest goal gradually is most effective. Clients may lose their fears more readily if they actually expose themselves to anxiety provoking situations in a sequence of graduate steps.  (Sherman 1972 cited in Atkinson 1993 page 678).  Another technique we use to help clients manage her agoraphobia was relaxation techniques.  The clients experienced various unpleasant anxiety symptoms usually just before and during the exposure. The client would feel agitated at the prospect of experiencing anxiety while outside. She would suffer from many physical symptoms. She would have increased pulse rate, pounding heart, nausea and a dry mouth. She would also sweat and complain of butterflies in her stomach or churning. As part of my assignment of the clients anxiety I needed to be able to have observe these feelings and symptoms in the client. Then together we could deal with them and ease her uncomfortable state. I asked questions to myself such as Is she sweating? Is her body language suggestive of anxiety? This would mean shaking or agitated moments.  During times when the client was anxious she found it difficult to concentrate and think rationally or logically. She found it difficult to name her feelings. These are normal reactions. (Wilson and Kneisl 1996). Emotionally the client described herself as tense, nervy, anxious and like Im going to die. The clients would also have negative thoughts about herself. She would say she was silly and useless. So anxiety affected her physical state and cognitions.  This anxiety was causing the client to become increasingly isolated in her flat and also affected her self-esteem because she felt the anxiety controlled her. She recognised the need to control her anxiety, and she wanted to control it and therefore needed to be educated about anxiety and then hopefully she feels more competent to deal with her feelings. The client and I engaged in teaching about anxiety. It was explained that anxiety symptoms occur when our brains interpret a given situation as anxiety provoking. (Baker 1995). The subject of our body involved in the responses in these responses is the autonomic nervous system, which is divided into two components; the Sympathetic and the Parasympathetic systems. The Sympathetic system causes the individual responses to speed up and the Parasympathetic causes the responses to slow down. So when a person encounters an anxiety-provoking situation, for example, a person approaches someone with a knife, does that person run away or stay and fight? This is termed to fight or flight Syndrome and is dependent on the individuals or biological response to the stressor.  These responses to stress are quite normal and we need them to protect us from danger. Anxiety becomes a problem when a person perceives a situation as a stressor even when it is not. The person will find it difficult to relax and calm down. The interpretation of their anxiety and unpleasant feelings will in turn reinforce more anxiety. Severe anxiety and panic will interfere with the persons role of functioning and daily living as it did with this client. She could not do any of her own shopping or engage in any of her hobbies due to lack of concentration and also could not engage in employment. A consistently sensitised body will eventually become mentally and physically exhausted which prevents activity and decreases esteem (Weekes 1995). It was important for the client to be taught the facts because then the client can begin to recognise when she feels anxious and also can realise that it is a normal reaction to stress (Wilson and Kneisl 1996).  The client and myself would sit in comfortable chairs and think of a place we associated with being relaxed and peaceful environment, for example, in the farm or beach, then we would imagine ourselves in the peaceful surroundings again. This technique is based on the rationale that muscle tension is the bodys response to anxiety. Muscular tension increases the feeling of anxiety and reinforces it. Deep muscle relaxation decreases the tension and blocks the anxiety. It aims to decrease the pulse rate and respiratory rate, blood pressure and perspiration, which are both heightened in anxiety. (Wilson and Kneisl 1996). As the client experienced those feelings the technique seemed relevant to attempt to alleviate the uncomfortable feelings. So graded exposure and relaxation techniques are highly effective when combined together to alleviate fears and phobias. The principles of the treatment are to substitute a response that is incompatible with anxiety, that is, relaxation. It is difficult to be anxious and relaxed all the same time. (Atkinson 1993).  Before we begin the exposure and relaxation, the client could not even make it as far as the front step outside her front door. By the time the exposure therapy was undergoing she began to gradually improve until more comfortable with going outside. She was far from cured but she was gradually becoming more confident when been exposed. Current research on behaviour therapy supports it as a treatment for agoraphobia. For example; Behavioural treatment based on exposure and can provide lasting relief to the majority of patients. (Giovanne et al 1995 p 87).  The education I engaged in with a client regarding relaxation techniques and the biology of anxiety could be said but to be health prolonging. We were trying to work together to empower the clients to make her own decisions about her treatment based on the knowledge of her illness. Once she understood her illness she could begin to make health choices. This education may affect her perception of her illness. Perceived health stresses play a role in the frequency of health promotion behaviour (Pencle 1987). Before we began the therapies the client had a very negative opinion of herself and her abilities, this affected her self-esteem and therefore her experiences of well being. Therefore this affected her perceptions of her illness. Through education, knowledge and practice the client began to fill more positive and began making more decisions about her health and treatment. These examples of decision-making could then be reinforced to her to emphasise the value of good health. (Pender 1987).